Resumen Debido a la importancia que tiene el garbanzo tipo Desi, en ciertas zonas de México, como alimento para el ganado, la investigación se realizó con el objetivo de evaluar e identificar genotipos sobresalientes en la producción de forraje, grano y calidad nutrimental. Para ello, se utilizaron cinco genotipos de garbanzo; cuatro del INIFAP y uno del ICRISAT. Los ensayos de campo se establecieron durante los ciclos agrícolas de otoño-invierno del 2018 - 2019 y 2019-2020 de acuerdo con un diseño de bloques completos al azar. Los cinco genotipos mostraron similar rendimiento de grano (3.48 - 3.87 t ha-1); la variedad El Patrón presentó el mayor rendimiento biológico (14.21 t ha-1), de esquilmos (10.73 t ha-1) y mayor capacidad de unidades animal por alimentar. El grano de la variedad San Antonio 05 presentó el más alto contenido de proteína (24.04 %) y la línea experimental ICC-1273, el más bajo (21.55 %). El análisis de preferencia mostró que el genotipo ICC-1273 fue el de mayor calidad nutrimental. Todos los genotipos mostraron un contenido importante de minerales, siendo el K+ (1.35 a 1.44 %) el de mayor concentración.

Abstract Due to the importance of the Desi type chickpea in certain areas of Mexico, as food for cattle, the research was carried out with the objective of evaluate and identify outs-tanding genotypes to produce forage, grain and nutritional quality, from five chickpea genotypes, four from INIFAP and one from ICRISAT. Field trials were established during the 2018 - 2019 and 2019 - 2020 fall-winter agricultural cycles according to a fully randomized block design. The five genotypes showed similar grain yield (3.48 - 3.87 t ha-1); the variety El Patron presented the highest biological yield (14.21 t ha-1), waste yield (10.73 t ha-1) and the highest capacity of animal units to feed. The grain of the San Antonio 05 variety presented the highest protein content (24.04 %) and the experimental line ICC-1273, the lowest (21.55 %). The preference analysis showed that the ICC-1273 genotype was the one with the highest nutritional quality. All genotypes showed an important content of minerals, being K+ (1.35 to 1.44 %) the one with the highest concentration

Abstract This study aimed to analyze the phytochemical profile of essential oil obtained from the leaves of Coriandrum sativum L., and its antifungal activity against Candida spp. The research consisted of an in vitro study including collecting the vegetable product, analysis of its macronutrients, extraction, and chemical analysis of the essential oil, and assaying antifungal activity through minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum fungicidal concentration (MFC), with growth inhibition kinetics, and the product’s effects on multi-species Candida biofilm. Nitrogen (47.08 g Kg-1), phosphorus (5.3 g Kg-1) and potassium (50.46 g Kg-1) levels were within the normal range. The major constituents were octanal, decanal, dec-(2E)-enal, and dodecanal. The MIC and MFC of the product evaluated against 11 tested Candida strains ranged from 31.25 to 250 μg/mL. There was inhibition of fungal growth during 24 hours of exposure at the 3 concentrations tested (250, 125, and 62.5 μg/mL). The concentration of 80 mg/mL promoted the greatest reduction in multispecies biofilm (70% reduction in biofilm). Coriandrum sativum L. essential oil extract is principally constituted of alcohols and aldehydes and presents fungicidal activity against Candida spp. in its in planktonic and biofilm forms.

Resumo Este trabalho teve como objetivo analisar o perfil fitoquímico do óleo essencial obtido das folhas de Coriandrum sativum L., e sua atividade antifúngica contra Candida spp. A pesquisa consistiu em um estudo in vitro incluindo a coleta do produto vegetal, análise de seus macronutrientes, extração e análise química do óleo essencial e ensaio da atividade antifúngica por meio da concentração inibitória mínima (CIM) e concentração fungicida mínima (MFC), com crescimento cinética de inibição e os efeitos do produto no biofilme de Candida multi-espécies. Os níveis de nitrogênio (47,08 g Kg-1), fósforo (5,3 g Kg-1) e potássio (50,46 g Kg-1) estavam dentro da normalidade. Os principais constituintes foram octanal, decanal, dec-(2E)-enal e dodecanal. A CIM e CFM do produto avaliado contra 11 cepas de Candida testadas variaram de 31,25 a 250 μg/mL. Houve inibição do crescimento fúngico durante 24 horas de exposição nas 3 concentrações testadas (250, 125 e 62,5 μg/mL). A concentração de 80 mg/mL promoveu a maior redução no biofilme multiespécies (redução de 70% no biofilme). O extrato do óleo essencial de Coriandrum sativum L. é constituído principalmente por álcoois e aldeídos e apresenta atividade fungicida contra Candida spp. em suas formas planctônicas e biofilme.

Abstract Due to the complex nature of pain and the participation of physical, cognitive, psychological and behavioral aspects, pain management has several approaches. The use of medicinal plants in developing countries is quite expressive. Seeking new options for the treatment of emerging or debilitating diseases. Therefore, the present study seeks to elucidate the effects of the monoterpene, citronellal, differentiating its activity by isomers (R)-(+) and (S)-(-) citronellal. The study used several methods to evaluate the effects of citronellal isomers on motor coordination, nociceptive response, and the involvement of opioid, glutamatergic, and transient receptor pathways. The methods included rota-rod, hot-plate, and formalin tests, as well as the use of specific inhibitors and agonists. Data were analyzed using inferential statistics with a 95% confidence level. Both isomers did not significantly affect the motor coordination of the studied animals. The isomer (S)-(-) citronellal showed better results in relation to its structural counterpart, managing to have an antinociceptive effect in the formalin and hot plate tests with a lower concentration (100 mg/kg) and presenting fewer side effects, however, the this study was not able to elucidate the mechanism of action of this isomer despite having activity in studies with substances that act on specific targets such as glutamate and capsaicin, its activity was not reversed with the use of antagonists for pathways related to nociception. While the (R)-(+) citronellal isomer, despite showing total activity only at a concentration of 150 mg/kg, was able to determine its mechanism of action related to the opioid pathway by reversing its activity by the antagonist naloxone, being this is a pathway already correlated with nociception control treatments, however, it is also related to some unwanted side effects. In this way, new studies are sought to elucidate the mechanism related to the isomer (S)-(-) citronellal and a possibility of use in other areas related to the treatment of pain or inflammation.

Resumo Devido à natureza complexa da dor e a sua participação de aspectos físicos, cognitivos, psicológicos e comportamentais, o manejo da dor possui diversas abordagens. O uso de plantas medicinais em países em desenvolvimento é bastante expressivo. Buscando novas opções para o tratamento de denças emergentes ou debilitantes. Portanto, o presente estudo busca elucidar os efeitos do monoterpeno, citronelal, diferenciando sua atividade pelos isômeros (R)-(+) e (S)-(-) citronelal. O estudo utilizou diversos métodos para avaliar os efeitos dos isômeros de citronelal na coordenação motora, resposta nociceptiva e o envolvimento de vias opioides, glutamatérgicas e de receptores transitórios. Os métodos incluíram testes de rota-rod, placa quente e formalina, além do uso de inibidores e agonistas específicos. Os dados foram analisados estatisticamente com um intervalo de confiança de 95%. Ambos os isomeros não afetaram significativamente a coordenação motora dos animais em estudo. O isômero (S)-(-) citronelal apresentou melhores resultados em relação ao seu homólogo estrutural, conseguindo ter um efeito antinociceptivo nos testes de formalina e placa quente com menor concentração (100 mg/kg) e apresentando menos efeitos colaterais, entretanto, o presente estudo não foi capaz de elucidar o mecanismo de ação deste isomero apesar de ter atividadade em estudos com substancias que agem em alvos específicos como glutamato e capsaicina, sua atividade não foi revertida com a utilização de antagonistas para as vias relacionadas à nocicepção. Enquanto o isômero (R)-(+) citronelal, apesar de apresentar de apresentar total atividade somente na concentração de 150 mg/kg, foi capaz de determinar seu mecanismo de ação relacionado à via opióide pela reversão da sua atividade pelo antagonista naloxona, sendo esta uma via já correlacionada com os tratamentos de controle da a nocicepção, no entanto, também está relacionada a alguns efeitos colaterais indesejados. Desta forma busca-se novos estudos para elucidação do mecanismo relacionados ao isomero (S)-(-) citronellal e uma possibilidade de utilização em outras areas relacionadas ao tratamento da dor ou inflamação.

In block cave mining, rock fragmentation is a key parameter that influences the production level design and mine planning. Fragmentation occurs mainly by natural breakage during the caving process and in the draw column. The breakage that occurs within the column is known as secondary fragmentation. Secondary fragmentation has been successfully described using the block caving comminution model, which replicates the fragmentation mechanics between particles under drawn and vertical loads in a draw column. This model is based on a kinetic and population balance approach, in which non-normalized and normalized assumptions can be used depending on material and comminution system behaviour. In this paper, the non-normalized and normalized approaches are applied and compared to laboratory data to determine which assumption should be used for secondary breakage in block caving. Approaches are compared graphically, with the mean square error and the Fisher test with a false-rejection probability of 0.05. Based on a statistical analysis, the results show that the normalized model can be applied to all the rock types tested.

Abstract Objetive: To assess the prevalence of vascular calcification and vertebral fractures in a cohort of patients undergoing kidney transplantation and its association with all graftrelated causes of mortality and dysfunction, as well as the relationship with biochemical parameters of bone and mineral metabolism. Material and methods: Prospective, observational, singlecenter study, which included 405 patients undergoing kidney transplants, with collection of clinical, biochemical, epidemiological parameters, and of radiological vascular calcification and vertebral fractures by simple radiography at the time of transplantation, with a minimum followup of two years. We assessed cardiovascular mortality and all causes and decreased glomerular filtration. In addition, 39 bone densitometry studies carried out in the months prior to transplantation were reported. Results: Patient survival was significantly lower in the group of patients with vascular calcification (131±1.5 months without calcification compared to 110±3.5 months with vascular calcification, p<0.001). A greater decrease in the estimated glomerular filtration rate (GFR) was observed using the CKDEPI formula in all patients who presented vascular calcification, this being an independent risk factor (OR=2.7; 95% CI: 1.64 , 4; p<0.001). The prevalence of vertebral fractures was significantly higher in the vascular calcification group (12%), independently of other risk factors (OR=9.2; 95% CI: 1.273.4; p=0.036). The prevalence of vertebral fractures has been associated with lower hip bone mass assessed by bone densitometry (Tscore 1.2 vs. 2.4, p=0.02. Conclusions: Vascular calcification prior to transplantation, evaluated using a simple, cheap and accessible method such as plain radiography, determines the morbidity and mortality of the patient undergoing a kidney transplant and has a great impact on the evolution of graft function, regardless of other risk factors. traditional. The association between bone fragility, vascular calcification and the prognosis of the patient and the renal graft should make us think about adding bone densitometry to the protocol for inclusion in the transplant waiting list. It is relevant to promote not only the best possible vascular health but also to promote the least impact on bone tissue in the progression of chronic kidney disease before the time of transplantation.

Resumen Objetivos: Evaluar la prevalencia de calcificación vascular y fracturas vertebrales en una cohorte de pacientes sometidos a trasplante renal, y su asociación con mortalidad por todas las causas y disfunción del injerto, así como la relación con parámetros bioquímicos del metabolismo óseo y mineral. Material y métodos: Estudio prospectivo, observaciónal, unicéntrico, en el que se incluyeron 405 pacientes sometidos a trasplante renal, con recogida de parámetros clínicos, bioquímicos, epidemiológicos y de calcificación vascular radiológica y fracturas vertebrales mediante radiografía simple en el momento del trasplante, con un seguimiento mínimo de dos años, evaluando mortalidad cardiovascular y por todas las causas y descenso del filtrado glomerular. Se dispuso además de 39 estudios de densitometría ósea realizados en los meses previos al trasplante. Resultados: La supervivencia de los pacientes fue significativamente menor en el grupo de pacientes con calcificación vascular (131±1,5 meses sin calcificación frente a 110±3,5 meses con calcificación vascular, p<0,001). Se observó un mayor descenso del filtrado glomerular estimado (FGE) mediante la fórmula CKDEPI en todos los pacientes que presentaban calcificación vascular, siendo esta un factor de riesgo independiente (OR=2,7; IC 95%: 1,64,4; p<0,001). La prevalencia de fracturas vertebrales fue significativamente mayor en el grupo de calcificación vascular (12%), independientemente de otros factores de riesgo (OR=9,2; IC 95%: 1,273,4; p=0,036). Se ha asociado la prevalencia de fracturas vertebrales con menor masa ósea en cadera evaluada mediante densitometría ósea (T-score 1,2 vs. 2,4, p=0,02. Conclusiones: La calcificación vascular previa al trasplante, evaluada mediante un método sencillo, barato y accesible como la radiografía simple, condicióna la morbimortalidad del paciente sometido a trasplante renal y tiene un gran impacto sobre la evolución de la función del injerto, independientemente de otros factores de riesgo tradiciónales. La asociación entre la fragilidad ósea, la calcificación vascular y el pronóstico del paciente y del injerto renal nos debe hacer pensar en añadir la densitometría ósea en el protocolo de inclusión en lista de espera de trasplante. Es relevante promover no sólo la mejor salud vascular posible sino también promover el menor impacto en el tejido óseo en la progresión de la enfermedad renal crónica antes del momento del trasplante.

Resumen En el licenciamiento ambiental en Colombia, la tasa de descuento es el parámetro relevante para comparar los costos y beneficios de los proyectos. Actualmente, el criterio del 12 % establecido prioriza el consumo presente sobre el futuro. El objetivo de este artículo es estimar una Tasa de Descuento para licenciamiento Ambiental (TAD) que incorpore criterios de sostenibilidad. El enfoque metodológico consiste en calcular durante el periodo de 2001 a 2016 la tasa social de preferencia temporal como una aproximación a la TAD. Los resultados encontrados proponen incorporar una TAD con descuento decreciente y distribución gamma, que arroja cifras del 5, 4 y 2 % para el corto, mediano y largo plazo, respectivamente. La principal conclusión resalta que, dada la variabilidad de las TAD estimadas, es posible plantear un comportamiento descendiente del descuento en el tiempo que recomienda fortalecer la importancia del consumo futuro en las decisiones gubernamentales. Clasificación JEL: H43, D61, Q01, Q56.

Abstract In the Colombian environmental normativity, the discount rate is the main variable that compares the temporal economic valuation of the costs and benefits produced by investment projects. Nevertheless, the established criterion of 12 % does not consider that some environmental impacts could be inter-generational. This paper estimates a specific discount rate (TAD) that integrates sustainability criteria, useful for the appraisal of environmental licenses. The methodological approach was to calculate the Social Rate of Time Preferences for Colombia, as an approximation of TAD during the 2001- 2016 period. Due to the yearly widespread results, a declining discount rate with “gamma distribution” is proposed, finding values of 5 %, 4 % and 2 % for the short, medium and long term, respectively. The main conclusion highlights that due to the TAD’s yearly widespread results found, it is possible to propose a decreasing behaviour in the discount rate related with time, which strengthens the importance of future consumption in governmental decisions. JEL Classification: H43, D61, Q01, Q56.

The Chuquicamata Underground Mining Project (PMCHS) is one of the world's most challenging and important caving projects, as it requires the transition from one of the largest open pit mines in the world to a large-scale underground operation. In caving operations, the construction of drawbells is critical for production as these are the openings through which caved ore is extracted. The literature indicates there is no definitive blasting design methodology for drawbells when excavation is required to be completed in one phase, despite the importance and frequency of this type of requirement. Thus, during the implementation stage of the PMCHS, it was relevant to carry out an experimental programme to first design a methodology based on rock mass blasting parameters, and then conduct controlled industrial experiments to test the design's efficiency and re-engineer it accordingly. The blast design is based on the estimation of peak particle velocity (PPV) and associated damage per blast-hole. The blast sequence was defined from elemental wave analysis. Measurements during the experimental programme included drill deviation, explosive density during loading, and velocity of detonation (VOD). Drawbell geometry in one phase was successfully implemented when more than 80% of the area of the drawbell design was over four times the critical particle peak velocity (PPVc). The results obained from measurements of fragmentation and overbreak in pillars and brow during test 1 were used to improve the blasting design for test 2 so that both time and cost were reduced.

Resumo Sinterização e crescimento de grão são processos fundamentais que afetam a evolução microestrutural das cerâmicas. Os modelos fenomenológicos que descrevem esses processos, conforme encontrados nos livros didáticos, são simplificações do conjunto altamente dinâmico de parâmetros do sistema, o que leva à previsibilidade limitada e à necessidade de extensas análises empíricas para otimização de processos. Uma tal simplificação é a subestimação de energias interfaciais e suas relações com caminhos de difusão e controle de crescimento. O objetivo deste artigo é esclarecer como a termodinâmica das interfaces pode fornecer oportunidades para um controle mais refinado do processamento de cerâmica. Na primeira parte deste artigo discute-se a relevância das energias de contorno de grão no crescimento de grão, mostrando que embora a mobilidade de contorno de grão seja a escolha preferida para projetar a inibição do crescimento de grão, estudos recentes demonstram que os dopantes podem ser selecionados para aniquilar a força motriz do processo e possibilitar nanocerâmicas (meta)estáveis termicamente. Na segunda parte do artigo, apresentam-se as deficiências da atual teoria da sinterização e discute-se que ambas energias de contorno de grão e de superfície, com suas taxas associadas de evolução da área interfacial, representam uma melhor descrição da sinterização. Essa perspectiva oferece parâmetros ajustáveis que podem estabelecer uma nova base para o design de aditivos de sinterização para uma densificação ótima.

Abstract Sintering and grain growth are fundamental processes affecting microstructural evolution of ceramics. The phenomenological models describing these processes as found in textbooks are simplifications of the very dynamic set of system’s parameters, which lead to limited predictability and the need for extensive empirical analyses for process optimization. One such simplification is the underestimation of interfacial energies and their relationships with diffusion paths and growth control. The goal of this paper is to clarify how thermodynamics of interfaces can provide opportunities for a more refined control of ceramic processing. On the first part of this paper we discuss the relevance of grain boundary energies in grain growth, showing that although grain boundary mobility is the preferred parameter choice for designing of grain growth inhibition, recent studies demonstrate dopants can be selected to annihilate the process driving force and enable thermally (meta)stable nanoceramics. In the second part of the paper, we point out shortcomings from the current sintering theory and discuss that both surface and grain boundary energies with their associated rates of interfacial area evolution represent a more comprehensive sintering description. This perspective offers tunable parameters that may set a new foundation for the design of sintering aids for optimal densification.

Over the years, viticulture has expanded to new regions outside the temperate zones, such as Northeast Brazil, India, Thailand, Myanmar, Vietnam, Bangladesh and Venezuela, characterized by the production of tropical wines. It is important for the productive sector to comprehend the effects of grapevine interaction with the characteristics of each new region on wines composition. In this study, the composition of wines of Syrah from two regions with different altitudes in Northeast Brazil were analyzed by different methodologies to characterize chemical compounds as sugar, acids, minerals, phenolics (anthocyanins, fla-vonols, stilbenes and condensed tannins) and the sensory profile. The wines of the Bahia region (1100 m of altitude) obtained high concentrations for chemical parameters related to color, monomeric anthocyanins, stilbenes and monomelic and oligomeric tannins. Wines of the low altitude region, Pernambuco (350 m of altitude) were characterized by higher concentrations of flavonols (kaempferol, isorhamnetin, quercetin and rutin) and polymerized tannins. The chemical composition of wines from the two studied regions was influenced by altitude. A trend towards higher concentrations in most for phenolic compounds analyzed was observed in wines from the higher altitude region during the two years of study. Regarding the sensory profile, fruity, floral, herbaceous and empyreumatic attributes aromatic obtained highest scores in wines of the 350 m altitude region, the other attributes were dependent on the year of harvest.

Abstract This paper analyses the importance of the strategies of cultural tourism dynamization as a contribution to sustainable development in the canton of Santiago de Píllaro. The objective of this article is to propose strategies of tourism-cultural dynamization as part of the economic-social development of the canton for the valorisation of the patrimony and improvement of the tourist facilities in an environment of sustainability. A descriptive investigation was carried out with a quantitative approach through the application of a survey to a significant sample of tourists visiting the canton, and for the analysis of the results was applied Chi square that ruled out the null hypothesis and I accept the study hypothesis. The results determined that this city has come many national tourists in the Diablada Pillareña however the remainder of the year the influx is not significant affecting the tourism development, so from the results obtained was reached Determine (27) strategies.

Resumen El presente trabajo analiza la importancia de las estrategias de dinamización turístico cultural como un aporte al desarrollo sostenible en el cantón Santiago de Píllaro. El objetivo de este artículo es proponer estrategias de dinamización turístico-cultural como parte del desarrollo económico-social del cantón para la valorización del patrimonio y mejoramiento de las facilidades turísticas en un ambiente de sostenibilidad. Se realizó una investigación descriptiva con un enfoque cuantitativo a través de la aplicación de una encuesta a una muestra significativa de turistas que visitan el cantón, y para el análisis de los resultados se aplicó Chi cuadrado que descartó la hipótesis nula y aceptó la hipótesis de estudio. Los resultados determinaron que a esta ciudad llegan muchos turistas nacionales en la diablada pillareña, sin embargo, el resto del año la afluencia no es significativa repercutiendo en el desarrollo turístico, por lo cual a partir de los resultados obtenidos se llegó a determinar (27) estrategias.

ABSTRACT Introduction: The syndrome of pudendal nerve entrapment (SANP) is a clinical entity, little known in the field of General Surgery, which includes a wide range of urinary, sexual and proctological symptoms. The interest for the general surgeon lies in the whole clinic that these patients can present in the proctological sphere. Complex diagnosis requires a sequential treatment that includes different tools. The aim of the present study is to expose the SANP from the point of view of general surgery by exposing a study carried out in patients with proctalgia to assess the results at follow-up after 6 months. Methods: We present an observational study evaluating 53 proctalgia patients in the context of a SANP who have undergone corticoid-anesthetic puncture-hydrodistension of the pudendal nerve and its terminal branches, observing its immediate response in clinical terms of pain and in follow-up to from six months. Results: From the data obtained from our sample, it is observed that the treatment with these punctures improves to 79.25 % of the patients in the immediate period after the puncture and 39.62 % of the patients maintain this improvement after the six months. Conclusions: We conclude that in the presence of proctalgia the surgeon should rule out the existence of a SANP and that, according to our study, corticoid-anesthetic puncture treatment is an effective treatment option that manages to improve an important percentage of patients.

RESUMEN Introducción: El síndrome de atrapamiento del nervio pudendo (SANP) es una entidad clínica, poco conocida en el ámbito de la Cirugía General, que comprende un amplio abanico de síntomas urinarios, sexuales y proctológicos. El interés para el cirujano general radica en toda la clínica que pueden presentar estos pacientes en la esfera proctológica. De diagnóstico complejo, exige un tratamiento secuencial que incluye distintas herramientas. El objetivo del presente estudio es exponer el SANP desde el punto de vista de la cirugía general, exponiendo un estudio realizado en pacientes afectos de proctalgia para valorar los resultados en el seguimiento a partir de los seis meses. Métodos: Presentamos un estudio observacional que evalúa 53 pacientes afectos de proctalgia en el contexto de un SANP que han sido sometidos a tratamiento con punción-hidrodistensión corticoideo-anestésica del nervio pudendo y sus ramas terminales, observando su respuesta inmediata en términos clínicos de dolor y en seguimiento a partir de los seis meses. Resultados: De los datos obtenidos de nuestra muestra, se observa que el tratamiento con dichas punciones mejora al 79,25 % de los pacientes en el periodo inmediato tras la punción, y el 39,62 % de los pacientes mantienen dicha mejoría a partir de los seis meses. Conclusiones: Concluimos que ante la presencia de proctalgia, el cirujano debe descartar la existencia de un SANP y que, según nuestro estudio, el tratamiento con punción corticoideo-anestésica es una opción eficaz de tratamiento que logra mejorar a un importante porcentaje de pacientes.

Steepening of slopes provides the means to reduce waste extraction and increase ore recovery in open pit mines; however, it may also adversely affect safety by posing a higher risk of slope failure. The implementation of slope monitoring programmes is recommended to manage this risk inherent in steeper slopes. In this paper, the design and evaluation of monitoring campaigns to measure subsurface deformation and groundwater pore pressure in open pit mines is presented. The monitoring programmes were applied to a theoretical case of an open pit mine designed using DeepMine software (BOAMine SpA, 2015). Mine plans were developed based on the initial base case scenario with monitoring programmes considered for four types of monitoring instrumentation: two established technologies, in-place inclinometers (IPIs) and vibrating wire piezometers (VWPs); one emerging technology, the ShapeAccelArray (SAA); and a novel technology under development, the Enhanced Networked Smart Markers (ENSMs). Technical and economic appraisals of the monitoring programmes and sensitivity analysis of the developed mine plans showed that using ENSMs spaced every 4 m had the lowest cost per unit of data gathered.

Resumo Este estudo objetivou avaliar a atividade antibacteriana in vitro dos fitoquímicos timol, linalol e citronelol sobre Streptococcus mutans, Streptococcus salivaris e Streptococcus oralis. Utilizou-se a técnica de discos de difusão em meio sólido e medição do diâmetro dos halos de inibição. A concentração inibitória mínima (CIM) das substâncias foi determinada utilizando diluições em série das substâncias e técnica de microdiluição em meio de cultura de Brain Heart Infusion. Após incubação durante 24 horas em estufa a 37 °C, a leitura da placa foi confirmada pelo método visual usando o corante 2,3,5 trifenil cloreto de tetrazólio. A concentração bactericida mínima (CBM) foi determinada a partir de subculturas de MIC. Os ensaios foram realizados em triplicata, e clorexidina foi usada como um controle positivo. Os diâmetros dos halos de inibição do crescimento variaram entre 7,3 e 10,7 por S. mutans, 7,3 e 10,0 por S. oralis, e 8,2 e 9,8 para S. salivaris. Os valores de CIM e CBM obtidos variaram de valores máximos na presença de linalol (1.250,0 mg/mL, 2.500.0 mg/mL e 2.500.0 mg/mL, respectivamente, para o S. mutans, S oralis e S. salivaris); a valores mínimos com timol (312,5 μg/ml, 156,2 μg/mL e 156,2 μg/ml, respectivamente para S. mutans, S. oralis e S. salivaris). Todos os fitoquímicos testados apresentaram atividade antibacteriana, representando, assim, substâncias com potencial de aplicações na prevenção da cárie dentária.

Abstract This study aimed to evaluate the in vitro antibacterial activity of the phytochemicals thymol, linalool, and citronellol against Streptococcus mutans, Streptococcus salivarius and Streptococcus oralis. Disk diffusion screening on solid medium and measurement of the diameter of the bacterial growth inhibition halos was the technique utilized. The Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) of the substances was determined using serial substance dilutions and microdilution technique in Brain Heart Infusion culture medium. After incubation for 24 hours in an oven at 37 °C, plate reading was completed and confirmed by visual method using 2,3,5 triphenyl tetrazolium chloride dye. The Minimum Bactericidal Concentration (MBC) was determined from MIC subcultures. Assays were performed in triplicate, and chlorhexidine was used as a positive control. The diameters in mm of the growth inhibition halos ranged between 7.3 and 10.7 for S. mutans, 7.3 and 10.0 for S. oralis, and 8.2 and 9.8 for S. salivarius. The MIC and MBC values obtained converged, ranging from maximum values in the presence of Linalool (1,250.0 mg/mL, 2,500.0 mg/mL and 2,500.0 mg/mL, respectively, for S. mutans, S. oralis, and S. salivarius); and minimum values with Thymol (312.5 μg/ml, 156.2 μg/mL and 156.2 μg/ml, respectively for S. mutans, S. oralis, and S. salivarius). All the tested phytochemicals displayed antibacterial activity, thus representing substances with potential applications in preventing tooth decay.

Resumo Este estudo analisou a atividade antifúngica do fitoconstituinte linalol em cepas de Candida ssp, in vitro, isolados de pacientes com o diagnóstico clínico de candidíase oral associado ao uso de prótese dentária. As amostras biológicas foram coletadas de 12 pacientes portadores de próteses totais ou próteses parciais removíveis e que apresentavam características de mucosa eritematosa difusa ou pontilhadas, indicando um diagnóstico clínico de candidíase. Para identificar colônias de fungos do gênero Candida, as amostras foram semeadas em CHROMagar Candida®. A atividade antifúngica do linalol, um componente insaturado monoterpene de óleo de manjericão, foi realizada através da técnica de microdiluição em caldo. Em seguida, a concentração inibitória mínima (MIC), as duas concentrações consecutivas mais fortes e os controles positivos foram subcultivados em placas de Agar Sabouraud Dextrose para determinar a concentração fungicida mínima (MFC). Os experimentos foram realizados em triplicata e a nistatina foi usada como controle positivo em todos os testes. O diagnóstico de candidíase oral foi comprovado em oito pacientes (66,6%) e as espécies de fungos mais prevalentes foram Candida albicans (37,5%), seguido por Candida krusei (25,0%); e Candida tropicalis (4,2%). A melhor atividade antifúngica do linalol foi observada em Candida tropicalis (MIC = 500 mg/ml), seguido por Candida albicans (CIM = 1,000 mg/mL), e Candida krusei (CIM = 2,000 mg/mL). Sob as condições do estudo e com base nos resultados obtidos, pode-se concluir que as estirpes de Candida testadas foram susceptíveis a linalol.

Abstract This study analyzed the antifungal activity of phytoconstituents from linalool on Candida spp. strains, in vitro, isolated from patients with clinical diagnoses of oral candidiasis associated with the use of a dental prosthesis. Biological samples were collected from 12 patients using complete dentures or removable partial dentures and who presented mucous with diffuse erythematous or stippled features, indicating a clinical diagnosis of candidiasis. To identify fungal colonies of the genus Candida, samples were plated onto CHROMagar Candida®. The antifungal activity of linalool, a monoterpene unsaturated constituent of basil oil, was performed using the broth microdilution technique. Then, the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), the two subsequent stronger concentrations and the positive controls were subcultured on Sabouraud Dextrose Agar plates to determine the minimum fungicidal concentration (MFC). The experiments were performed in triplicate and nystatin was used as a positive control in all tests. Diagnoses of oral candidiasis were verified in eight patients (66.6%) and the most prevalent fungal species was Candida albicans (37.5%), followed by Candida krusei (25.0%); and Candida tropicalis (4.2%). The best antifungal activity of linalool was observed on Candida tropicalis (MIC = 500 mg/mL), followed by Candida albicans (MIC = 1.000 mg/mL), and Candida krusei (MIC = 2.000 mg/mL).Under the study conditions and based on the results obtained, it can be concluded that the Candida strains tested were susceptible to linalool.

Abstract: Among the most common problems within dental professionals, is the fracture of rotary instruments of nickel and titanium root canal files (NiTi), when performing a procedure on a patient. Therefore, the objective of this work is to compare the in vitro resistance to cyclic fatigue of K3XF and TFA rotatory instruments, in continuous rotation and adaptive motion. For this, a static and cyclic fracture test was used and a fracture pattern was searched. The numbers of cycles until the fracture and the length of the fragments were determined. Of all the groups evaluated, K3XF-A exhibited the best resistance to cyclic fatigue. In future research, it will be performed an autoclaving and immersion cycles in sodium hypochlorite to be able to determine the separation causes of the rotary instruments. As a recommendation, the operator could significantly influence the decrease in resistance to cyclic fatigue due to the misuse of rotary instruments.

Resumen: Entre los problemas más comunes entre los profesionistas dentales, es la fractura de los instrumentos rotatorios de limas de canales radiculares de níquel y titanio (NiTi), cuando se lleva a cabo el procedimiento al paciente. Es por eso, que el objetivo de este trabajo es el comparar la resistencia in vitro de la fractura cíclica entre los instrumentos rotatorios K3XF y TFA, en rotación continua y movimiento adaptativo. Para esto, se utilizó la prueba de fractura cíclica y estática y el patrón de fractura fue evaluado. El número de ciclos hasta la fractura y la longitud de los fragmentos fue determinado. De todos los grupos evaluados, K3XF-A presentó la mejor resistencia a la fractura cíclica. Como trabajo a futuro, se utilizará ciclos de inmersión en hipoclorito de sodio y autoclaveado, para ser capaces de determinar las causas de separación de los instrumentos rotarios. Como recomendación, el operador puede influenciar significativamente la disminución de la resistencia a la fractura cíclica utilizando de una manera errónea el dispositivo.